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the latter part of the century

  • 1 part

    A n
    1 ( of whole) gen partie f ; ( of country) région f ; part of the book/time/district une partie du livre/temps/quartier ; part of me hates him une partie de moi-même le déteste ; in ou around these parts dans la région ; in part en partie ; in part it's due to… c'est dû en partie à… ; part of the reason is… c'est en partie parce que… ; to be (a) part of faire partie de ; to feel part of avoir le sentiment de faire partie de ; to form part of faire partie de ; the early part of my life ma jeunesse ; it's all part of being young il faut bien que jeunesse se passe ; the latter part of the century la fin du siècle ; that's the best/hardest part c'est ça le meilleur/le plus dur ; that's the part I don't understand voilà ce que je ne comprends pas ; to be good in parts GB avoir de bons passages ; in parts it's very violent GB il y a des passages très violents ; for the most part dans l'ensemble ; my/our part of the world mon/notre pays ; what are you doing in this part of the world? qu'est-ce que tu fais par ici? ;
    2 (component of car, engine, machine) pièce f ; machine/engine parts pièces de machine/de moteur ; spare parts pièces détachées ; parts and labour pièces et main-d'œuvre ;
    3 TV (of serial, programme, part work) partie f ; ‘end of part one’ ‘fin de la première partie’ ; a two-/four-part series une série en deux/quatre épisodes ;
    4 (share, role) rôle m (in dans) ; to do one's part jouer son rôle ; to have a part in sth jouer un rôle dans qch ; to have a part in deciding to do/in choosing jouer un rôle dans la décision de faire/dans le choix de ; I want no part in it, I don't want any part of it je ne veux pas m'en mêler ; to take part participer, prendre part (in à) ; they took no further part in it ils n'ont rien fait de plus ;
    5 Theat, TV, Cin rôle m (of de) ; I got the part! j'ai le rôle! ; to play the part of jouer le rôle de ;
    6 ( equal measure) mesure f ; two parts tonic to one part gin deux mesures de tonic pour une mesure de gin ; mix X and Y in equal parts mélangez une quantité égale de X et Y ; in a concentration of 30,000 parts per million dans une concentration de 3% ;
    7 Mus (for instrument, voice) partie f ; the viola/tenor part la partie de l'alto/de ténor ; voice part partie vocale ;
    8 Mus ( sheet music) partition f ; the piano part la partition du piano ;
    9 ( behalf) on the part of de la part de ; it wasn't very nice on your part ce n'était pas très gentil de ta part ; for my/his part pour ma/sa part ; to take sb's part prendre le parti de qn ;
    10 US ( in hair) raie f.
    B adv ( partly) en partie ; it was part fear, part greed c'était à la fois de la crainte et de la cupidité.
    C vtr
    1 ( separate) séparer [couple, friends, boxers] ; écarter [legs] ; entrouvrir [lips, curtains] ; fendre [crowd, ocean, waves] ; to be parted from être séparé de ; ‘till death do us part’ ‘jusqu'à ce que la mort nous sépare’ ;
    2 ( make parting in) to part one's hair se faire une raie ; he parts his hair on the left il se fait une raie à gauche.
    D vi
    1 (take leave, split up) [partners, husband and wife] se séparer ; we parted friends nous nous sommes quittés bons amis ; to part from quitter [husband, wife] ;
    2 ( divide) [crowd, sea, lips, clouds] s'ouvrir ; Theat [curtains] se lever ;
    3 ( break) [rope, cable] se rompre.
    a man/a woman of (many) parts un homme/une femme qui a plusieurs cordes à son arc ; to look the part avoir la tête de l'emploi ; to take sth in good part prendre qch en bonne part.
    ■ part with:
    ▶ part with [sth] se défaire de [money] ; se séparer de [object].

    Big English-French dictionary > part

  • 2 latter

    attributive adjective
    1) letzter...

    the latter — der/die/das letztere; pl. die letzteren

    2) (later) letzt...
    * * *
    ['lætə]
    (towards the end: the latter part of our holiday.) später
    - academic.ru/41919/latterly">latterly
    - the latter
    * * *
    lat·ter
    [ˈlætəʳ, AM -t̬ɚ]
    I. adj attr
    1. (second of two) zweite(r, s)
    the \latter option/suggestion die zweite Möglichkeit/der zweite Vorschlag
    2. (near the end) spätere(r, s)
    in the \latter part of the year in der zweiten Jahreshälfte
    II. pron
    ▪ the \latter der/die/das Letztere
    I was offered a red car or a blue one and chose the \latter mir wurde ein rotes und ein blaues Auto angeboten und ich wählte letzteres
    * * *
    ['ltə(r)]
    1. adj
    1) (= second of two) letztere(r, s)
    2)

    (= at the end) the latter part of the book/story is better — gegen Ende wird das Buch/die Geschichte besser

    the latter half of the week/year/century — die zweite Hälfte der Woche/des Jahres/des Jahrhunderts

    in the latter years — in den letzten Jahren

    in his latter years — in späteren Jahren

    2. n

    the latter — der/die/das/Letztere; (more than one) die Letzteren pl

    I don't agree with the latter — ich bin mit Letzterem nicht einverstanden

    * * *
    latter [ˈlætə(r)] adj (adv → latterly)
    1. letzterwähnt(er, e, es), letztgenannt(er, e, es) (von zweien): → former2 4
    2. neuer, jünger, modern:
    in these latter days in der jüngsten Zeit
    3. letzt(er, e, es), später:
    the latter half of June die zweite Junihälfte;
    the latter years of one’s life seine letzten oder spät(er)en Lebensjahre
    * * *
    attributive adjective
    1) letzter...

    the latter — der/die/das letztere; pl. die letzteren

    2) (later) letzt...
    * * *
    adj.
    jünger adj.
    letzt adj.
    letzter adj.

    English-german dictionary > latter

  • 3 latter

    'lætə
    (towards the end: the latter part of our holiday.) último
    - the latter
    latter n éste / éste último
    you can go by train or plane, the latter is more expensive puedes ir en tren o en avión, éste último es más caro
    tr['lætəSMALLr/SMALL]
    1 (last) último,-a
    2 (second) segundo,-a
    1 éste,-a, este,-a último,-a
    latter ['læt̬ər] adj
    1) second: segundo
    2) last: último
    latter pron
    the latter : éste, ésta, éstos pl, éstas pl
    adj.
    • más reciente adj.
    • posterior adj.
    • segundo (de dos) adj.

    I 'lætər, 'lætə(r)
    noun (pl latter)

    the latter — éste, -ta; (pl) éstos, -tas


    II
    adjective (before n)
    a) ( second of two) segundo, último
    b) (later, last)

    in his latter years — (frml) en sus últimos años

    ['lætǝ(r)]
    1. ADJ
    1) (=last) último
    2) (of two) segundo
    2.
    N

    the latter — (sing) este/esta; (pl) estos/estas

    the former... the latter... — aquel... este...

    In the past the standard spelling for [este/esta] and [aquel/aquella] as pronouns was with an accent ([éste/ésta] and [aquél/aquélla]). Nowadays the [Real Academia Española] advises that the accented form is only required where there might otherwise be confusion with the adjectives ([este/esta] and [aquel/aquella]).
    * * *

    I ['lætər, 'lætə(r)]
    noun (pl latter)

    the latter — éste, -ta; (pl) éstos, -tas


    II
    adjective (before n)
    a) ( second of two) segundo, último
    b) (later, last)

    in his latter years — (frml) en sus últimos años

    English-spanish dictionary > latter

  • 4 Camlet

    A fine, thin, plain-weave cloth, woven from camlet yarns, 30-in., 60 yards, usually dyed bright red. Camlet yarn is spun from lustrous wool, Lincoln or Leicester. The Dutch introduced the cloth, but they used camel hair or goat hair. Other qualities are made from hard twisted worsted yarns about 36 X 40 per inch, 2/30's 2/34's. In the 17th century a camlet of wool and silk was used for making gowns. It is mentioned in Pepys Diary, in 1664: " I put on my camelott suit, the best I ever wore in my life." In the latter part of the 17th century camelots of various colours were highly esteemed. First made in Montgomeryshire on the banks of the river Camlet. The true camlet is made in India of camel hair (see Patu Khudrang)

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Camlet

  • 5 Camelott

    A fine, thin, plain-weave cloth, woven from camlet yarns, 30-in., 60 yards, usually dyed bright red. Camlet yarn is spun from lustrous wool, Lincoln or Leicester. The Dutch introduced the cloth, but they used camel hair or goat hair. Other qualities are made from hard twisted worsted yarns about 36 X 40 per inch, 2/30's 2/34's. In the 17th century a camlet of wool and silk was used for making gowns. It is mentioned in Pepys Diary, in 1664: " I put on my camelott suit, the best I ever wore in my life." In the latter part of the 17th century camelots of various colours were highly esteemed. First made in Montgomeryshire on the banks of the river Camlet. The true camlet is made in India of camel hair (see Patu Khudrang)

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Camelott

  • 6 Chaudron, Joseph

    [br]
    b. 29 November 1822 Gosselies, Belgium
    d. 16 January 1905 Auderghem, Belgium
    [br]
    Belgian mining engineer, pioneer in boring shafts.
    [br]
    In 1842, as a graduate of the Ecole des Mines in Liège, he became a member of the Belgian Corps Royal des Mines, which he left ten years later as Chief Engineer. By that time he had become decisively influential in the Société Anglo-Belge des Mines du Rhin, founded in 1848. After it became the Gelsenkirchen-based Bergwerkgesellschaft Dahlbusch in 1873, he became President of its Board of Directors and remained in this position until his death. Thanks to his outstanding technical and financial abilities, the company developed into one of the largest in the Ruhr coal district.
    When K.G. Kind practised his shaft-boring for the company in the early 1850s but did not overcome the difficulty of making the bottom of the bore-hole watertight, Chaudron joined forces with him to solve the problem and constructed a rotary heading which was made watertight with a box stuffed with moss; rings of iron tubing were placed on this as the sinking progressed, effectively blocking off the aquiferous strata as a result of the hydrostatic pressure which helped support the weight of the tubing until it was secured permanently. The Kind-Chaudron system of boring shafts in the full section marked an important advance upon existing methods, and was completely applied for the first time at a coalmine near Mons, Belgium, in 1854–6. In Brussels Chaudron and Kind founded the Société de Fonçage par le Procédé Kind et Chaudron in 1854, and Chaudron was granted a patent the next year. Foreign patents followed and the Kind-Chaudron system was the one most frequently applied in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Altogether, under Chaudron's control, there were more than eighty shafts sunk in wet strata in Germany, Belgium, France and England.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1853–4, "Notice sur le procédé inventé par l'ingénieur Kind, pour l"établissement des puits de mines', Annales des travaux publics de Belgique 12:327–38.
    1862, "Über die nach dem Kindschen Erdbohrverfahren in Belgien ausgefùhrten Schachtbohrarbeiten", Berg-und Hüttenmännische Zeitschrift 21:402−7, 419−21, 444−7.
    1867, "Notice sur les travaux exécutés en France, en Belgique et en Westphalie de 1862– 1867", Annales des travaux publics de Belgique 25: 136–45.
    1872, "Remplacement d'un cuvelage en bois par un cuvelage en fonte", Annales des
    travaux publics de Belgique 30:77–91.
    Further Reading
    D.Hoffmann, 1962, Acht Jahrzehnte Gefrierverfahren nachPötsch, Essen, pp. 12–18 (evaluates the Kind-Chaudron system as a new era).
    W.Kesten, 1952, Geschichte der Bergwerksgesellschaft Dahlbusch, Essen (gives a delineation of the mining company's flourishing as well as the technical measures under his influence).
    T.Tecklenburg, 1914, Handbuch der Tiefbohrkunde, 2nd edn, Vol VI, Berlin, pp. 39–58 (provides a detailed description of Chaudron's tubing).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Chaudron, Joseph

  • 7 Boulsover, Thomas

    [br]
    b. 1704
    d. 1788
    [br]
    English cutler, metalworker and inventor of Sheffield plate.
    [br]
    Boulsover, originally a small-scale manufacturer of cutlery, is believed to have specialized in making knife-handle components. About 1742 he found that a thin sheet of silver could be fused to copper sheet by rolling or beating to flatten it. Thus he developed the plating of silver, later called Sheffield plate.
    The method when perfected consisted of copper sheet overlaid by thin sheet silver being annealed by red heat. Protected by iron sheeting, the copper and silver were rolled together, becoming fused to a single plate capable of undergoing further manufacturing processes. Later developments included methods of edging the fused sheets and the placing of silver sheet on both lower and upper surfaces of copper, to produce high-quality silver plate, in much demand by the latter part of the century. Boulsover himself is said to have produced only small articles such as buttons and snuff boxes from this material, which by 1758 was being exploited more commercially by Joseph Hancock in Sheffield making candlesticks, hot-water pots and coffee pots. Matthew Boulton introduced its manufacture in very high-quality products during the 1760s to Birmingham, where the technique was widely adopted later. By the 1770s Boulsover was engaged in rolling his plated copper for industry elsewhere, also trading in iron and purchasing blister steel which he converted by the Huntsman process to crucible steel. Blister steel was converted on his behalf to shear steel by forging. He is thought to have also been responsible for improving this product further, introducing "double-shear steel", by repeating the forging and faggoting of shear steel bars. Thomas Boulsover had become a Sheffield entrepreneur, well known for his numerous skills with metals.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    H.W.Dickinson, 1937, Matthew Boulton, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (describes Boulsover's innovation and further development of Sheffield plate).
    J.Holland, 1834, Manufactures in Metal III, 354–8.
    For activities in steel see: K.C.Barraclough, 1991, "Steel in the Industrial Revolution", in J.Day and R.F.Tylecote (eds), The Industrial Revolution in Metals, The Institute of Metals.
    JD

    Biographical history of technology > Boulsover, Thomas

  • 8 Mechi Silk

    All-silk fabric woven on hand looms at the latter part of the 19th century in Nepal. The warp and weft are spun yarns of long staple from the silk of the cocoons of the Atlas silkworm.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Mechi Silk

  • 9 Brabante Florette

    A strong, well-made bleached linen, made at Ghent during the latter part of the 18th century. In 42-in. to 45-in. width and 30 yards to 33 yards long. Considered the best sheeting in the world at that period.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Brabante Florette

  • 10 Brush Binding

    A term for a strong braid having a stiff fibrous fringe along one edge and used in the latter part of the 19th century as a binding on the bottom of skirts.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Brush Binding

  • 11 Bresilienne

    A 2 X 2 twill dress material made in France, of all-wool yarns, during the latter part of the 19th century.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Bresilienne

  • 12 Liston

    A narrow silk ribbon used in France during the latter part of the 18th century for binding edges of dresses, or for embroidering other materials.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Liston

  • 13 Logic

       My initial step... was to attempt to reduce the concept of ordering in a sequence to that of logical consequence, so as to proceed from there to the concept of number. To prevent anything intuitive from penetrating here unnoticed, I had to bend every effort to keep the chain of inference free of gaps. In attempting to comply with this requirement in the strictest possible way, I found the inadequacy of language to be an obstacle. (Frege, 1972, p. 104)
       I believe I can make the relation of my 'conceptual notation' to ordinary language clearest if I compare it to the relation of the microscope to the eye. The latter, because of the range of its applicability and because of the ease with which it can adapt itself to the most varied circumstances, has a great superiority over the microscope. Of course, viewed as an optical instrument it reveals many imperfections, which usually remain unnoticed only because of its intimate connection with mental life. But as soon as scientific purposes place strong requirements upon sharpness of resolution, the eye proves to be inadequate.... Similarly, this 'conceptual notation' is devised for particular scientific purposes; and therefore one may not condemn it because it is useless for other purposes. (Frege, 1972, pp. 104-105)
       To sum up briefly, it is the business of the logician to conduct an unceasing struggle against psychology and those parts of language and grammar which fail to give untrammeled expression to what is logical. He does not have to answer the question: How does thinking normally take place in human beings? What course does it naturally follow in the human mind? What is natural to one person may well be unnatural to another. (Frege, 1979, pp. 6-7)
       We are very dependent on external aids in our thinking, and there is no doubt that the language of everyday life-so far, at least, as a certain area of discourse is concerned-had first to be replaced by a more sophisticated instrument, before certain distinctions could be noticed. But so far the academic world has, for the most part, disdained to master this instrument. (Frege, 1979, pp. 6-7)
       There is no reproach the logician need fear less than the reproach that his way of formulating things is unnatural.... If we were to heed those who object that logic is unnatural, we would run the risk of becoming embroiled in interminable disputes about what is natural, disputes which are quite incapable of being resolved within the province of logic. (Frege, 1979, p. 128)
       [L]inguists will be forced, internally as it were, to come to grips with the results of modern logic. Indeed, this is apparently already happening to some extent. By "logic" is not meant here recursive function-theory, California model-theory, constructive proof-theory, or even axiomatic settheory. Such areas may or may not be useful for linguistics. Rather under "logic" are included our good old friends, the homely locutions "and," "or," "if-then," "if and only if," "not," "for all x," "for some x," and "is identical with," plus the calculus of individuals, event-logic, syntax, denotational semantics, and... various parts of pragmatics.... It is to these that the linguist can most profitably turn for help. These are his tools. And they are "clean tools," to borrow a phrase of the late J. L. Austin in another context, in fact, the only really clean ones we have, so that we might as well use them as much as we can. But they constitute only what may be called "baby logic." Baby logic is to the linguist what "baby mathematics" (in the phrase of Murray Gell-Mann) is to the theoretical physicist-very elementary but indispensable domains of theory in both cases. (Martin, 1969, pp. 261-262)
       There appears to be no branch of deductive inference that requires us to assume the existence of a mental logic in order to do justice to the psychological phenomena. To be logical, an individual requires, not formal rules of inference, but a tacit knowledge of the fundamental semantic principle governing any inference; a deduction is valid provided that there is no way of interpreting the premises correctly that is inconsistent with the conclusion. Logic provides a systematic method for searching for such counter-examples. The empirical evidence suggests that ordinary individuals possess no such methods. (Johnson-Laird, quoted in Mehler, Walker & Garrett, 1982, p. 130)
       The fundamental paradox of logic [that "there is no class (as a totality) of those classes which, each taken as a totality, do not belong to themselves" (Russell to Frege, 16 June 1902, in van Heijenoort, 1967, p. 125)] is with us still, bequeathed by Russell-by way of philosophy, mathematics, and even computer science-to the whole of twentieth-century thought. Twentieth-century philosophy would begin not with a foundation for logic, as Russell had hoped in 1900, but with the discovery in 1901 that no such foundation can be laid. (Everdell, 1997, p. 184)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Logic

  • 14 late

    leit 1. adjective
    1) (coming etc after the expected or usual time: The train is late tonight; I try to be punctual but I am always late.) sein, forsinket
    2) (far on in the day or night: late in the day; late at night; It was very late when I got to bed.) seint
    3) (dead, especially recently: the late king.) avdød
    4) (recently, but no longer, holding an office or position: Mr Allan, the late chairman, made a speech.) avgått
    2. adverb
    1) (after the expected or usual time: He arrived late for his interview.) seint
    2) (far on in the day or night: They always go to bed late.) seint
    •
    - lately
    - later on
    - of late
    nylig
    --------
    sein
    --------
    sen
    I
    adj. ( later eller latter - latest eller last) \/leɪt\/
    1) sen, sent, i slutten av, mot slutten av
    han står sent opp, han ligger lenge om morgenen
    2) for sen, forsinket
    3) nylig overstått, nettopp tilbakelagt, den senere tids
    4) ( kun foranstilt) avdøde, nylig avdøde
    5) ( kun foranstilt) tidligere, forrige, forhenværende, avgåtte
    den forhenværende\/tidligere statsministeren
    6) nylig avsluttet, siste tids, senest, seneste
    7) (gammeldags, i firmanavn) etterfølgere, efterfølgere
    • Late Smith & Sons
    Smith & Sønners Efterfølgere
    in late ( om måneder) i slutten av
    in one's late... ( om personer) i slutten av..., sist i...
    in the late... ( om tid) i slutten av..., på slutten av..., sent i..., sent på...
    i slutten av (nitten) førtiårene, på slutten av førtitallet
    på slutten av sommeren, sent på sommeren
    be late være sen, være forsinket, komme for sent, komme sent
    • don't be late! the
    late den yngre
    slutten av
    late fee ( postvesen) tilleggsporto for sent postede brev
    late fruits sen frukt, sene fruktsorter
    late Gothic ( kunsthistorie) sengotikk, sengotisk
    late hour eller late hours sent tidspunkt, sent på kvelden, sent på natten
    the late part of siste del av
    make it late være sent ute, være sen, være lenge ute
    • don't make it late!
    ikke vær sen! \/ kom ikke hjem for sent!
    make late forsinke, komme for sent
    of late years i de senere år
    of late i den senere tid nylig, for kort tid siden
    II
    adv. ( later - latest eller last) \/leɪt\/
    1) sent, for sent, lenge
    2) ( poetisk) nylig
    3) ( gammeldags) født
    • Mrs. Smith, late Brown
    fru Smith, født Brown
    as late as så sent som
    better late than never bedre sent enn aldri
    late at night sent på natten
    late in the day sent på dagen ( overført) i seneste laget, lovlig sent, i siste liten
    late into the night til langt på natt, langt på natt
    late of ( gammeldags) før bosatt i
    • Mr. Baker, late of Paris
    herr Baker, som før var bosatt i Paris \/ herr Baker, som jobbet i Paris tidligere
    tidligere ansatt ved, tidligere ansatt i

    English-Norwegian dictionary > late

  • 15 Longbotham, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Canals
    [br]
    b. mid-seventeenth century Halifax (?), Yorkshire, England d. 1801
    [br]
    English canal engineer.
    [br]
    The nature of Longbotham's career before 1766 is unknown, although he was associated with Smeaton as a pupil and thus became acquainted with canal engineering. In 1766 he suggested a canal linking Leeds and Liverpool across the Pennines. The suggestion was accepted and in 1767–8 he surveyed the line of the Leeds \& Liverpool Canal. This was approved by the promoters and by Brindley, who had been called in as an assessor. The Act was obtained in 1770 and Longbotham was first appointed as Clerk of Works under Brindley as Chief Engineer. As the latter did not take up the appointment, Longbotham became Chief Engineer and from 1770 to 1775 was responsible for the design of locks and aqueducts. He also prepared contracts and supervised construction. Meanwhile, in 1768 he had proposed a canal from the Calder and Hebble to Halifax. In 1773 he was elected to the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers. As soon as a part of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal was opened he started a passenger packet service, but in 1775, after completing both 50 miles (80 km) of the canal and the Bradford Canal, he was dismissed from his post because of discrepancies in his accounts. However, in the early 1790s he again advised the Leeds and Liverpool proprietors, who were in difficulties on the summit level. Longbotham had colliery interests in the Uphol-land area of Wigan, and in 1787 he surveyed a proposed route for the Lancaster Canal. In 1792 he was also associated with the Grand Western Canal. Details of his later life are scarce, but it is known that he died in poverty in 1801 and that the Leeds \& Liverpool company paid his funeral expenses.
    JHB

    Biographical history of technology > Longbotham, John

  • 16 Ransome, Robert

    [br]
    b. 1753 Wells, Norfolk, England
    d. 1830 England
    [br]
    English inventor of a self-sharpening ploughshare and all-metal ploughs with interchangeable pans.
    [br]
    The son of a Quaker schoolmaster, Ransome served his apprenticeship with a Norfolk iron manufacturer and then went into business on his own in the same town, setting up one of the first brass and iron foundries in East Anglia. At an early stage of his career he was selling into Norfolk and Suffolk, well beyond the boundaries to be expected from a local craftsman. He achieved this through the use of forty-seven agents acting on his behalf. In 1789, with one employee and £200 capital, he transferred to Ipswich, where the company was to remain and where there was easier access to both raw materials and his markets. It was there that he discovered that cooling one part of a metal share during its casting could result in a self-sharpening share, and he patented the process in 1785.
    Ransome won a number of awards at the early Bath and West shows, a fact which demonstrates the extent of his markets. In 1808 he patented an all-metal plough made up of interchangeable parts, and the following year was making complete ploughs for sale. With interchangeable parts he was able to make composite ploughs suitable for a wide variety of conditions and therefore with potential markets all over the country.
    In 1815 he was joined by his son James, and at about the same time by William Cubitt. With the expertise of the latter the firm moved into bridge building and millwrighting, and was therefore able to withstand the agricultural depression which began to affect other manufacturers from about 1815. In 1818, under Cubitt's direction, Ransome built the gas-supply system for the town of Ipswich. In 1830 his grandson James Ransome joined the firm, and it was under his influence that the agricultural side was developed. There was a great expansion in the business after 1835.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.E.Ransome, 1865, Ploughs and Ploughing at the Royal Agricultural College at Cirencester in 1865, in which he outlined the accepted theories of the day.
    J.B.Passmore, 1930, The English Plough, Reading: University of Reading (provides a history of plough development from the eighth century to the in ter-war period).
    Ransome's Royal Records 1789–1939, produced by the company; D.R.Grace and D.C.Phillips, 1975, Ransomes of Ipswich, Reading: Institute of Agricultural History, Reading University (both provide information about Ransome in a more general account about the company and its products; Reading University holds the company archives).
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Ransome, Robert

  • 17 Genius

       1) A High Rate of Original Thinking Characterizes the Life of the Inventive Genius
       The biography of the inventive genius commonly records a lifetime of original thinking, though only a few ideas survive and are remembered to fame. Voluminous productivity is the rule and not the exception among the individuals who have made some noteworthy contribution. (Barron, 1963, p. 139)
       The genius was, I suggest, in origin the Roman analogue to the psyche as here explained, the life-spirit active in procreation, dissociated from and external to the conscious self that is central in the chest. This will explain many facts not hitherto accounted for. The genius was believed to assume the form of a snake, as was the psyche. The psyche was believed to be in the head....
       Not only was his genius thus apparently liable to intervene or take possession of a man but we shall also see reason to believe that it was, in the time of Platus, thought to enjoy knowledge beyond what was enjoyed by the conscious self and to give the latter warning of impending events.... The idea of the genius seems to have served in great part as does the twentieth-century concept of an "unconscious mind," influencing a man's life and actions apart from or even despite his conscious mind. It is now possible to trace the origin of our idiom that a man "has" or "has not" genius, meaning that he possesses or does not possess a native source of inspiration beyond ordinary intelligence. (Onians, 1954, p. 129)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Genius

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